What is an EPC? Complete Guide to Energy Performance Certificates
An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rates a property's energy efficiency from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient). EPCs are legally required when selling or renting a property in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. This guide explains everything you need to know about EPCs, ratings, costs, and how to improve your property's efficiency.
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What is an EPC?
An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is an official document that shows how energy efficient a property is. It gives a property a rating from A to G, where A is the most efficient and G is the least efficient. The average UK home has a rating of D.
EPCs were introduced in England and Wales in 2007 as part of Home Information Packs, and became a standalone requirement in 2008. They're designed to help buyers, tenants, and homeowners understand a property's energy efficiency and running costs.
An EPC includes:
- Current energy efficiency rating (A-G)
- Potential rating if improvements were made
- Environmental impact rating (CO2 emissions)
- Estimated energy costs per year
- Recommendations for improving efficiency
- Property details (floor area, heating type, etc.)
When Do You Need an EPC?
You legally need an EPC when:
✓ Required
- • Selling a property
- • Renting to new tenants
- • Building a new property
- • Marketing a property for sale/rent
✗ Not Required
- • Living in your own home (not selling)
- • Renewing with existing tenant
- • Listed buildings (some exemptions)
- • Places of worship
Important: You must have an EPC before marketing a property. Failure to provide one can result in a fine of up to £5,000.
EPC Ratings Explained (A to G)
EPC ratings are based on a score from 1-100, with higher scores indicating better efficiency. Each band represents a range of scores:
Lowest energy bills, typically new builds with heat pumps and solar
Well-insulated modern homes with efficient heating
Above average efficiency, government target for rentals
UK national average, room for improvement
Minimum for rentals, higher energy costs
Cannot be legally rented, significant heat loss
Lowest efficiency, oldest/unimproved properties
Click any rating to learn more about what it means and how to improve.
How to Get an EPC
Getting an EPC is straightforward. You'll need to hire a qualified Domestic Energy Assessor (DEA) who is accredited with an approved scheme.
- Find an assessor: Search the EPC Register for accredited assessors in your area.
- Book an assessment: Contact the assessor and arrange a visit. Assessments typically take 45-60 minutes.
- Prepare your property: Have utility bills ready and ensure access to the loft, boiler, and all rooms.
- Receive your EPC: The assessor will lodge the certificate, and you'll receive it within 24-48 hours.
How Much Does an EPC Cost?
EPC costs vary depending on property size and location, but typically range from £60 to £120 for a standard home.
Typical EPC Costs:
- 1-2 bedroom flat£60-£80
- 3 bedroom house£70-£100
- 4+ bedroom house£80-£120
- London/South East premium+10-20%
Some estate agents include EPC assessments in their selling package. Always compare quotes from multiple assessors.
How Long is an EPC Valid?
An EPC is valid for 10 years from the date it was issued. After this, you'll need a new assessment if you want to sell or rent the property.
Tip: When to Get a New EPC Early
If you've made significant energy improvements (insulation, new boiler, solar panels), consider getting a new EPC even if your current one is valid. A better rating can increase property value and attract buyers/tenants.
How to Improve Your EPC Rating
Most properties can be improved by 1-2 EPC bands with cost-effective upgrades. The most impactful improvements are:
Quick Wins (£50-£600)
- • Loft insulation top-up
- • LED lighting throughout
- • Draught-proofing
- • Smart thermostat
Major Upgrades (£1,000+)
- • Cavity wall insulation
- • New boiler
- • Double glazing
- • Solar panels
EPCs for Landlords (MEES Regulations)
Landlords face specific EPC requirements under the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES):
Current Requirements
- • Minimum rating of E required for all rental properties
- • Cannot grant new tenancies for F or G rated properties
- • Penalties up to £5,000 for non-compliance
Proposed Changes (2030)
- • Minimum rating of C for all tenancies from 2030
- • Both new and existing tenancies must be C-rated
- • Some exemptions will still apply
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a good EPC rating?
A good EPC rating is A, B, or C. These properties are above the national average (D) and have lower energy bills. Rating C is the government's target for rental properties by 2030.
How long does an EPC last?
An EPC is valid for 10 years from the date it was issued. You only need a new one when selling or renting, or if you want to show improved efficiency after upgrades.
Can I sell a house with a low EPC rating?
Yes, there's no minimum EPC requirement for selling. However, a low rating may affect buyer interest and property value. Some mortgage lenders have minimum requirements.
How much does an EPC cost?
EPC assessments typically cost £60-£120 depending on property size and location. London and the South East tend to be at the higher end.
What happens if I don't have an EPC?
You can be fined up to £5,000 for marketing a property without a valid EPC. Estate agents are required to include EPC information in property listings.
Can I improve my EPC rating myself?
Some improvements like LED lighting and draught-proofing can be DIY. Others like loft insulation are easy DIY projects. Major works like wall insulation or boiler replacement need professionals.
Do I need an EPC for a new build?
Yes, new builds require an EPC before occupation. Developers must provide an EPC as part of the building completion process. New builds typically achieve A or B ratings.
Are there exemptions from EPC requirements?
Yes, some buildings are exempt including listed buildings where improvements would unacceptably alter character, places of worship, temporary buildings, and some industrial sites.
Check Your Area's EPC Ratings
See average EPC ratings and property data for any UK postcode.
EPC Guides
Key EPC Facts
- •EPCs are valid for 10 years
- •UK average rating is D
- •Typical cost: £60-£120
- •Rental minimum: E (C from 2030)
- •Fine for no EPC: up to £5,000